NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 11 Thermal Property of Matter

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 11 Thermal Properties of Matter is an outstanding study material that will help you score big in Class 11 examination.

NCERT solutions have answers to the questions provided in the textbook along with extra questions, important questions from previous question papers and sample papers. Worksheets, Exemplary problems, MCQs (multiple choice questions), Short and long answer questions provided in this solution help you to understand the topics in-depth.

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Important Questions of Class 11 Physics Chapter 11 Thermal Properties of Matter

Q.1: The triple points of neon and carbon dioxide are 24.57 K and 216.55 K, respectively. Express these temperatures on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.
Ans:

Given: Kelvin and Celsius scales are related as:

T_C = T_K – 273.15  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)

We know :

T_F = $left( frac{ 9 }{ 5 } ight ) T _{ c }$ + 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)

For neon:

T_K = 24.57 K

T_F = $left( frac{ 9 }{ 5 } ight ) T _{ c } + 32$

= $left( frac{ 9 }{ 5 } ight ) imes left ( -248.58 ight ) + 32$  = – 415.44⁰F

For carbon dioxide :

T_K = 216.55 K

T_F = $left( frac{ 9 }{ 5 } ight ) T _{ c } + 32$

= $left( frac{ 9 }{ 5 } ight ) imes left ( -56.60 ight ) + 32$ = -69.88⁰ F

Q.2: Two absolute scales A and B have triple points of water defined to be 200 A and 350 B. What is the relation between TA and TB ?

Ans:

Given:

Triple point of water on absolute scale B, T₂ = 400 B

Triple point of water on absolute scale A, T₁ = 200 A

Triple point of water on Kelvin scale, T_K = 273.15 K

273.15 K on the Kelvin scale is equivalent to 200 A on absolute scale A.

200 A = 273.15 K

Thus, A = $frac{ 273.15 }{ 200 }$

273.15 K on the Kelvin scale is equivalent to 350 B on absolute scale B.

350 B = 273.15 K
Thus, B = $frac{ 273.15 }{ 350 }$

Let, T_A and T_B be the triple point of water on scale A and B respectively.

Thus, we have :
$273.15 imes frac{ T_{ A } }{ 200 } = 273.15 imes frac{ T_{ B } }{ 200 }$

Therefore, T_A : T_B = 4 : 7

Q.3: The electrical resistance in ohms of a certain thermometer varies with temperature according to the approximate law :
R = R_o[1 + α (T – T_o )]
The resistance is 101.6 Ω at the triple-point of water 273.16 K, and 165.5 Ω at the normal melting point of lead (600.5 K). What is the temperature when the resistance is 123.4 Ω?

Ans:

Triple point temperature, T₀ =273.16 K

Resistance at the triple point, R₀=101.6 Ω

Normal melting point of lead, T₁= 600.5 K
Resistance at normal melting point, R₁ =165.5 Ω
According to approximate law

R₁=R₀[1+α(T₁−T₀)]

165.5=101.6[1+α(600.5 – 273.16)]

165.5=101.6[1+α(327.34)]

165.5=101.6+α(101.6)(327.34)

165.5=101.6+α(101.6 x 327.34)

α = (165.5 – 101.6) /(101.6 x 327.34)

α = 63.9/(101.6 x 327.34)​

Now when resistance is 123.4Ω then temperature T₂ is:

R₂=R₀[1+α(T₂−T₀)]
123.4=101.6[1+α(T₂ – 273.16)]

123.4= 101.6[1 +(63.9/(101.6 x 327.34)) (T₂ – 273.16)]

123.4 = 101.6 + (63.9/327.34)(T₂ – 273.16)

123.4  =101.6 +  (0.195)(T₂) – (0.195) (273.16)

123.4  =101.6 +  (0.195)(T₂) – 53.32

T₂ = (123.4 – 101.6 + 53.32) /0.195 = 75.12/0.195  = 385.23

Q.4: Answer the following :
(a) The triple-point of water is a standard fixed point in modern thermometer. Why? What is wrong in taking the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water as standard fixed points (as was originally done in the Celsius scale)?
(b) There were two fixed points in the original Celsius scale as mentioned above which were assigned the number 0 °C and 100 °C, respectively. On the absolute scale, one of the fixed points is the triple-point of water, which on the Kelvin
absolute scale is assigned the number 273.16 K. What is the other fixed point on this (Kelvin) scale?
(c) The absolute temperature (Kelvin scale) T is related to the temperature tc on the Celsius scale by tc = T – 273.15. Why do we have 273.15 in this relation, and not 273.16?
(d) What is the temperature of the triple-point of water on an absolute scale whose unit interval size is equal to that of the Fahrenheit scale?

Ans:

(i) Melting and boiling points of water aren’t considered as the standard fixed points because they vary with change in pressure, the temperature of the triple point of water is unique and it does not vary with pressure.
(ii) On the Kelvin’s scale, there is only a lower fixed point which is 273.16 K, the upper fixed point is not there.
(iii) The relation is such because 273.15 K on the Kelvin’s scale corresponds to the melting point of ice while 273.16 K is the triple point of water.
(iv) We know,
Relation between the Fahrenheit scale and Absolute scale :
i.e.  $frac{T_{F}-32}{180}$ = $frac{T_{K}-273}{100}$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 1 )
For another set of T’_F and  T’_K
$frac{T’_{F}-32}{180} = frac{T’_{K}-273}{100}$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2 )
Subtracting Equation (1) and (2):
$frac{T’_{F}-T_{F}}{180} = frac{T’_{K}- T_{K}}{100}$
Therefore ,T’_F – T_F = 1.8(T’_K – T_K)
For, T’_K – T_K = 1K
T’_F – T_F = 1.8
$Rightarrow$ For the triple point temperature = 273.16 K , the temperature on the new scale = 1.8 x 273.16 = 491.688 Units

Q.5. Two ideal gas thermometers A and B use oxygen and hydrogen respectively. The following observations are made: 

a) What is the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by thermometers A and B?
(b) What do you think is the reason behind the slight difference in answers of thermometers A and B? (The thermometers are not faulty). What further procedure is needed in the experiment to reduce the discrepancy between the two readings?

Ans:

(a)

Triple point of water, T= 273.16K.

Pressure in thermometer A at the  triple point, P_A =1.25×10⁵ Pa

Normal melting point of sulphur = T₁

Pressure in thermometer A at this temperature, P₁=1.797×10⁵ Pa

According to Charles law, we have the relation:

P_A/T=P₁/T₁

T₁ = P₁ T/P_A

= (1.797×10⁵×273.16)/1.25×10⁵
​
=392.69 K

Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by thermometer A is 392.69 K.

(b) The pressure in thermometer B at the triple point of water, P_B =0.2×10⁵ Pa

The temperature in thermometer B at the normal melting point (T₁) of sulphur is, P₁ =  0.287×10⁵ Pa

According to Charles law, we can write the relation:
P_B/T=P₁/T₁
T₁ = P₁ T/P_B​​

T₁ = (0.287×10⁵ × 273.16)/0.2×10⁵
=391.98 K

Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by thermometer B is 391.98 K.

(b) The reason for the discrepancy is that the gases do not behave like ideal gas in practice. The discrepancy can be reduced by taking the reading at very low pressure so that the gases show perfect behaviour.

Q.6. A steel tape 1m long is correctly calibrated for a temperature of 27.0 °C. The length of a steel rod measured by this tape is found to be 63.0 cm on a hot day when the temperature is 45.0 °C. What is the actual length of the steel rod on that day? What is the length of the same steel rod on a day when the temperature is 27.0 °C? Coefficient of linear expansion of steel = 1.20 × 10^–5 K^–1

Ans:

T = 27 °C

At the temperature of 27 °C the length of the tape is 1m = 100 cm

T₁ = 45 °C

At the temperature of 45 °C the length of the tape is 63 cm

Coefficient of linear expansion of steel = 1.20 × 10^–5 K^–1

Let L be the actual length of the steel rod and L’ is the length at 45 °C

L’ = L [1 + ∝(T1 – T)]

= 100 [1+ 1.20 × 10^–5 (45- 27)]

= 100[1+ 21.6 × 10^–5]

= 100 + 2160 x 10^–5

= 100 + 0.02160 = 100.02160

The actual length of the rod at 45⁰ C is

L₂ = (100.02160 /100) x 63 = 63. 013608 cm

The length of the rod at 27⁰ C is 63.0 cm

Q.7. A large steel wheel is to be fitted on to a shaft of the same material. At 27 °C, the outer diameter of the shaft is 8.70 cm and the diameter of the central hole in the wheel is 8.69 cm. The shaft is cooled using ‘dry ice’. At what temperature of the shaft does the wheel slip on the shaft? Assume the coefficient of linear expansion of the steel to be constant over the required temperature range: α_steel = 1.20 × 10^–5 K^–1.

Ans:

Temperature, T= 27 °C

The outer diameter of the shaft at 27 °C is d₁ = 8.70 cm

Diameter of the central hole in the wheel at 27 °C is d₂ = 8.69 cm

Coefficient of linear expansion of steel, α_steel​=1.2×10^–5 K⁻¹

Temperature at which the wheel will slip on the shaft = T_1​
Change due to cooling

d₂= d₁(1+αΔT)

d₂ = d₁[1+α(T₁ – T)]

d₂ – d₁ = d₁ α(T₁ – T)

8.69 – 8.70 = 8.70 x 1.2×10^–5x (T₁ – 27)

-0.01 = 10.44 ×10^–5 x (T₁ – 27)

-0.01/ (10.44 ×10^–5 ) = T₁ – 27

T₁ = 27 – [0.01/ (10.44 ×10^–5 )]

T₁ = 27 – 95.7 = -68.7

Therefore, the wheel will slip on the shaft when the temperature of the shaft is -68.7 ⁰$C$.

Q.8. A hole is drilled in a copper sheet. The diameter of the hole is 4.24 cm at 27.0 °C. What is the change in the diameter of the hole when the sheet is heated to 227 °C?
Coefficient of linear expansion of copper = 1.70 × 10^–5 K^–1.

Ans:

Q-11: The coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine is 49 × 10^–5 K^–1. What is the fractional change in its density for a 30 °C rise in temperature?

Ans:

Given:
Coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine, α_V = 49 × 10^-5 K ^-1
Rise in temperature, ΔT = 30°C
Fractional change in volume = $frac{ Delta V }{ V }$
We know:
α_V ΔT = $frac{ Delta V }{ V }$
Or, $V_{T_{2}} -V_{T_{1}} = V_{T_{1}}alpha _{v}Delta T$
Or,$frac{m}{ ho _{T_{2}}} -frac{m}{ ho _{T_{1}}} = frac{m}{ ho _{T_{1}}}alpha _{v}Delta T$
Where, m = mass of glycerine
$ho _{T_{2}}$ = Final density at T₂
$ho _{T_{1}}$  = Initial density at T₁
$Rightarrow$  $frac{ ho _{T_{1}} - ho _{T_{2}}}{ ho _{T_{2}}}$ = Fractional change in density
Therefore, Fractional change in density = 1.47 × 10^-2

Q.12: A 10 kW drilling machine is used to drill a bore in a small aluminium block of mass 8.0 kg. How much is the rise in temperature of the block in 2.5 minutes, assuming 50% of power is used up in heating the machine itself or lost to the
surroundings. Specific heat of aluminium = 0.91 J g^–1 K^–1.

Ans:

Power = 10 kW

Mass of the small aluminium block, m = 8 kg = 8 x 10³ g

Time = 2.5×60=150 s

Specific heat of aluminium, c= 0.91 J g^–1 K^–1.

Total energy =P×t=10⁴ ×150=15×10⁵ J
As 50% of the energy is used in the heating or lost to the surrounding,

Therefore, thermal energy available, ΔQ= (1/2) x 15×10⁵
= 7.5 x 10⁵
As ΔQ=mcΔT
ΔT= ΔQ/mc

=  7.5 x 10⁵/ (8 x 10³ ×0.91)

= 7.5 x 10⁵/ 7.28 x 10³

= 1.03 x 10² 

Rise in the temperature of the block, ΔT = 103⁰ C

Q.13. A copper block of mass 2.5 kg is heated in a furnace to a temperature of 500 °C and then placed on a large ice block. What is the maximum amount of ice that can melt? (Specific heat of copper = 0.39 J g^–1 K^–1; the heat of fusion of water
= 335 J g^–1 )

Ans:

Mass of the copper block, m = 2.5 kg

Temperature of the block, ΔT= 500⁰ C

Specific heat of copper, c= 0.39 J g^–1 K^–1

Latent Heat of fusion of water, L = 335 J g^–1

Let m’ be the mass of the ice melted

Therefore, heat gained by ice = heat lost by copper

m’L = mcΔT

m’ = mc ΔT/L

= (2500 x 0.39 x 500)/335 = 1500 g = 1.5 kg

Q.14. In an experiment on the specific heat of a metal, a 0.20 kg block of the metal at 150 °C is dropped in a copper calorimeter (of water equivalent 0.025 kg) containing
150 cm³ of water at 27 °C. The final temperature is 40 °C. Compute the specific heat of the metal. If heat losses to the surroundings are not negligible, is your answer greater or smaller than the actual value for the specific heat of the metal?

Ans:

Q.15: Given below are observations on molar specific heats at room temperature of some common gases.

 Generally, the specific heat of a monoatomic gas is 2.92 cal (mol K )^‑1 , which is significantly lower from the specific heat of the above gases. Explain.
It can be observed that chlorine has little larger value of specific heat, what could be the reason?

Ans:

The gases in the above list are all diatomic and a diatomic molecule has translational, vibrational and rotational motion. Whereas, a monoatomic gas only has translational motion. So, to increase the temperature of one mole of a diatomic gas by 1°C, heat needs to supplied to increase translational, rotational and vibrational energy.  Thus, the above gases have  significantly higher specific heats than monoatomic gases
Chlorine has little larger specific heat as compared to the others in the list because it possesses vibrational motion as well while the rest only have rotational and translational motions.

Q.16. A child running a temperature of 101°F is given an antipyrin (i.e. a medicine that lowers fever) which causes an increase in the rate of evaporation of sweat from his body. If the fever is brought down to 98 °F in 20 minutes, what is the average rate of extra evaporation caused, by the drug. Assume the evaporation mechanism to be the only way by which heat is lost. The mass of the child is 30 kg. The specific heat of human body is approximately the same as that of water, and the latent heat of evaporation of water at that temperature is about 580 cal g^–1.

Ans:

Initial temperature of the child, T_i =101^o F
Final temperature of the child, T_f=98^oF
Decrease in the temperature, △T=(101−98)= 3⁰ F = 3×(5/9)= 1.67⁰ C

Mass of the child, m=30 kg=30×10³ g
Time taken to reduce the temperature, t = 20 min

Specific heat of the human body = Specific heat of water = c =1000 cal kg^{-1 0}C^-1
Latent heat of evaporation of water, L=580 cal g⁻¹

The heat lost by the child is given as:
△θ=mc△T
=30×1000× 1.67
=50100 cal
Let m’ be the amount of water evaporated from the child’s body in 20 min.

m’ =△θ/L
=(50100/580)=86.37 g

Therefore, the average rate of evaporation=86.2/20
=4.3 g/min.

Q. 17: A ‘thermacole’ icebox is a cheap and an efficient method for storing small quantities of cooked food in summer in particular. A cubical icebox of side 30 cm has a thickness of 5.0 cm. If 4.0 kg of ice is put in the box, estimate the amount of ice remaining after 6 h. The outside temperature is 45 °C, and the co-efficient of thermal conductivity of thermacole is 0.01 J s^–1 m^–1 K^–1. [Heat of fusion of water = 335 × 10³ J kg^–1]

Ans:

Side of the cubical icebox, s =30 cm=3 x 10^-2 m
Thickness of the icebox, L =5.0 cm=0.05 m
Mass of ice kept in the icebox, m=4 kg

Time, t=6 h=6×60×60 = 21600
Outside temperature, T₁= 45^o C

Temperature of the icebox = 0⁰ C

Temperature difference = T₁ – T₂ =45^o C – 0⁰ C

Surface area of the icebox = 6 x (0.30)²= 0.54
Coefficient of thermal conductivity of thermacole, K=0.01 Js⁻¹m⁻¹k⁻¹
Heat of fusion of water, L= 335×10 ³ Jkg ⁻¹

Total heat entering the icebox in 6 hours is

Q = KA(T₁−T₂)t/L

= (0.01 Js^-1m^-1C^-1 x 0.54 m² x 450 C x 21600 s)/0.05 m

= 1.05 x 10⁵ J

Let m be the total amount of ice that melts in 6 h.

But Q= mL
Therefore, m = Q/L
=1.05 x 10⁵ /(335×10³)=0.313 kg

Amount of ice remaining after 6 h = 4–0.313=3.687 kg

Q.18.A brass boiler has a base area of 0.15 m² and thickness 1.0 cm. It boils water at the rate of 6.0 kg/min when placed on a gas stove. Estimate the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with the boiler. Thermal conductivity of brass = 109 J s^–1 m^–1 K^–1; Heat of vaporisation of water = 2256 × 10³ J kg^–1.

Ans:

Base area of the brass boiler, A= 0.15 m²

Thickness of the boiler, d =1.0 cm=0.01 m
Brass boiler boils water at the rate, R=6.0 kg/min

Time, t = 60 sec

Mass = 6 kg

Thermal conductivity of brass, K =109 Js⁻¹m⁻¹k⁻¹

Heat of vaporisation of water, L = 2256×10³ Jkg⁻¹

Let  T₁  Temperature of the flame in contact with the boiler

Let T₂ be the boiling point of water = 100 ⁰C

The Q be the amount of heat flowing into water through the base of the boiler
Q =KA(T₁ −T₂)t/d
Q = [109 x 0.15 x (T₁ – 100) x 60]/ 0.01 ——-(1)
Heat received by water:
Q=mL

Q = 6 x 2256×10³ ——-(2)
Equating equations (1) and (2), we get:
mL  = KA(T₁ −T₂)t/d

6 x 2256×10³ = [109 x 0.15 x (T₁ – 100) x 60]/ 0.01
​13536 ×10³ x 0.01 = 981 (T₁ – 100)

T₁ – 100 = 13536 ×10³ x 0.01/ 981

T₁ = 137.9 + 100

= 237. 9 ^oC

Therefore, the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with the boiler is 237.98 ^oC.

Q.19. Explain why :

(a) a body with large reflectivity is a poor emitter

(b) a brass tumbler feels much colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day

(c) an optical pyrometer (for measuring high temperatures) calibrated for an ideal black body radiation gives too low a value for the temperature of a red hot iron piece in the open, but gives a correct value for the temperature when the same piece is in the furnace

(d) the earth without its atmosphere would be inhospitably cold

(e) heating systems based on the circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a building than those based on the circulation of hot water

Ans:

(a) A body with a large reflectivity is a poor absorber of heat radiation. A poor absorber will be a poor emitter of radiations. Therefore, a body with a large reflectivity is a poor emitter.

(b) Brass is a good conductor of heat and wood is a poor conductor of heat. When we touch a brass tumbler, heat is conducted from our hand to the tumbler and there is a drop in the body temperature Therefore, we feel cold.  When a wooden tray is touched on a chilly day, very less heat is conducted from the hand to the wooden tray and body temperature is not decreased much. So, we do not feel cold.

(c) The radiation energy from a red hot iron piece place in a furnace is given by the relation

E=σT⁴

When the iron piece is placed in the open, the radiation energy is given by the relation

E=σ(T⁴−T₀⁴)

Here, E is the energy radiation

T is the temperature of optical pyrometer

σ is a constant

T₀ is the temperature of the open space.

The increase in the temperature of the open space reduces the radiation energy.

(d)  If there is no atmosphere, extra heat will not be trapped. All the heat from the sun will be radiated back from the surface of the earth. So without the atmosphere, the earth would be inhospitably cold.

(e) Steam at 100 ⁰C is much hotter than water at 100 ⁰C. This is because steam will have a lot of heat in the form of latent heat (540 cal/g).  Therefore, heating systems based on the circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a building than those based on the circulation of hot water.

Q.20. A body cools from 80 °C to 50 °C in 5 minutes. Calculate the time it takes to cool from 60 °C to 30 °C. The temperature of the surroundings is 20 °C.

Ans:

Here,
Initial temperature of the body, T₁=80 ⁰C
Final temperature of the body, T₂ = =50 ⁰C

Average temperature, (T₁ + T₂) /2

= (80 + 50)/2 = 65 ⁰C
Temperature of the surrounding, T₀ =20 ⁰C

Temperature difference, ΔT= 65 ⁰C  – 20 ⁰C = 45 ⁰C
t=5 min
According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of cooling is proportional to the difference in temperature

Change in temperature/ time = K ΔT

(T₂ – T₁)/t = KΔT
(80 – 50)/5 = K(45)

6 = K(45)

K = 6/45

K = 2/15

In second condition,
Initial temperature of the body, T₁ =60 ⁰C
Final temperature of the body, T₂ =30 ⁰C
Let t be the time taken for cooling

Average temperature, (T₁ + T₂)/2 = (60 + 30)/2 = 45 ⁰C

Temperature difference, ΔT = 45 ⁰C – 20 ⁰C = 25 ⁰C

According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of cooling is proportional to the difference in temperature

Change in temperature/ time = K ΔT

(T₂ – T₁)/t = KΔT

(60 – 30)/t = (2/15) (25)

30/t = 3.33

t = 30/3.33 = 9 min

Q.21.Answer the following questions based on the P-T phase diagram of carbon dioxide:
(a) At what temperature and pressure can the solid, liquid and vapour phases of CO₂ co-exist in equilibrium?
(b) What is the effect of the decrease of pressure on the fusion and boiling point of CO₂?
(c) What are the critical temperature and pressure for CO₂? What is its significance?
(d) Is CO₂ solid, liquid or gas at (a) –70 °C under 1 atm, (b) –60 °C under 10 atm, (c) 15 °C under 56 atm?

Ans:

(a) Liquid and vapour phases of CO₂ co-exist at the triple point temperature = – 56.6 °C and pressure = 5.11 atm.
(b) Both the boiling point and freezing point of CO₂ decrease if pressure decreases.
(c) The critical temperature and pressure of CO₂ are 31.1 °C and 73.0 atm, respectively.
Above this temperature, CO₂ will not liquefy even if compressed to high pressures.
(d) (a) vapour (b) solid (c) liquid

Q.22: A hot ball cools from 90 °C to 10 °C in 5 minutes. If the surrounding temperature is 20°C, what is the time taken to cool from 60 °C to 30 °C?

Ans:

Using Newton’s law of cooling, the cooling rate is directly proportional to the difference in temperature.

Here, average of 90C and 40 °C = 50 °C

Surrounding temperature = 20 °C

Difference = 50 – 20= 30° C

Under the given conditions, the ball cools 80° C in 5 minutes

Therefore, $frac{Change, in, temperature}{Time} = kDelta t$ $Rightarrow$   $frac{30}{5}$ = K × 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Where the value of  K is a constant.
The average of 60 °C and 30 °C = 45 °C
$Rightarrow$  45 °C – 20 °C = 25 °C above the room temperature and the body cools by 30 °C [ 60 °C – 30 °C ] within time t ( Assume )

Therefore, $frac{30}{t}$ = K × 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)

Dividing equation (1)  by (2), we have:

Therefore, t = 6 mins.

Subtopics of Chapter 11 Thermal Properties of Matter

1. Introduction
2. Temperature and heat
3. Measurement of temperature
4. Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature
5. Thermal expansion
6. Specific heat capacity
7. Calorimetry
8. Change of state
9. Heat transfer
10. Newton’s law of cooling.

The Central Board of Secondary Education is the most prominent educational board in India. The CBSE follow the NCERT syllabus to strategize the examinations for its Class 10 and 12. The NCERT Solutions Class 11 Physics Thermal Properties of Matter is given so that students can understand the concepts of this chapter in-depth.

We all have common sense notions of heat and temperature. Temperature is a measure of ‘hotness’ of a body. A measure of temperature is obtained using a thermometer. Liquid-in-glass thermometers show different readings for temperatures other than the fixed points because of differing expansion properties. Some key points of Thermal Properties of Matter are given below.

• Heat is a form of energy that flows between a body and its surrounding medium by virtue of temperature difference between them. The degree of hotness of the body is quantitatively represented by the temperature
• A liquid in equilibrium with vapour has the same pressure and temperature throughout the system; the two phases in equilibrium differ in their molar volume (i.e. density). This is true for a system with any number of phases in equilibrium.
• Convection involves the flow of matter within a fluid due to unequal temperatures of its parts. A hot bar placed under a running tap loses heat by conduction between the surface of the bar and water and not by convection within the water.

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