1 Marks Questions

1.If two bodies stick together after collision will the collision be elastic or inelastic?  

Ans: Inelastic collision.

2.When an air bubble rises in water, what happens to its potential energy?

Ans: Potential energy of an air bubble decreases because work is done by upthrust on the bubble.

3.A spring is kept compressed by pressing its ends together lightly. It is then placed in a strong acid, and released. What happens to its stored potential energy?

Ans: The loss in potential energy appears as kinetic energy of the molecules of the cid.

4.Define triple point of water?

Ans. Triple point of water represents the values of pressure and temperature at which water co-exists in equilibrium in all the three states of matter.

5.State Dulong and petit law? 

Ans.Acc. to this law, the specific heat of all the solids is constant at room temperature and is equal to 3R.

6.Why the clock pendulums are made of invar, a material of low value of coefficient of linear expansion?

Ans.The clock pendulums are made of Inver because it has low value of α (co-efficient of linear expansion) i.e. for a small change in temperature, the length of pendulum will not change much.

7.Why is mercury used in making thermometers?

Ans.Mercury is used in making thermometers because it has wide and useful temperature range and has a uniform rate of expansion.

8.How would a thermometer be different if glass expanded more with increasing temperature than mercury?

Ans.If glass expanded more with increasing temperature than mercury, the scale of the thermometer would be upside down.

9.Show the variation of specific heat at constant pressure with temperature?

Ans.

10.Two thermometers are constructed in the same way except that one has a spherical bulb and the other an elongated cylindrical bulb. Which one will response quickly to temperature change?

Ans.The thermometer with cylindrical bulb will respond quickly to temperature changes because the surface area of cylindrical bulb is greater than the of spherical bulb.

11. A body constrained to move along the z-axis of a coordinate system is subject to a constant force F given by

Where are unit vectors along the axis of the system respectively. What is the work done by this force in moving the body a distance of 4 m along the axis?

Ans. Force exerted on the body,

Displacement, s = m

Work done, W =

Hence, 12 J of work is done by the force on the body.

12. A molecule in a gas container hits a horizontal wall with speed  and angle 30° with the normal, and rebounds with the same speed. Is momentum conserved in the collision? Is the collision elastic or inelastic?

Ans.  Yes; Collision is elastic

The momentum of the gas molecule remains conserved whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.

The gas molecule moves with a velocity of 200 m/s and strikes the stationary wall of the container, rebounding with the same speed.

It shows that the rebound velocity of the wall remains zero. Hence, the total kinetic energy of the molecule remains conserved during the collision. The given collision is an example of an elastic collision.

13. The bob A of a pendulum released from 30° to the vertical hits another bob B of the same mass at rest on a table as shown in Fig. 6.15. How high does the bob A rise after the collision? Neglect the size of the bobs and assume the collision to be elastic.

Ans. Bob A will not rise at all

In an elastic collision between two equal masses in which one is stationary, while the other is moving with some velocity, the stationary mass acquires the same velocity, while the moving mass immediately comes to rest after collision. In this case, a complete transfer of momentum takes place from the moving mass to the stationary mass.

Hence, bob A of mass m, after colliding with bob B of equal mass, will come to rest, while bob B will move with the velocity of bob A at the instant of collision.

14. A trolley of mass 300 kg carrying a sandbag of 25 kg is moving uniformly with a speed of 27 km/h on a frictionless track. After a while, sand starts leaking out of a hole on the floor of the trolley at the rate of 0.05. What is the speed of the trolley after the entire sand bag is empty?

Ans. The sand bag is placed on a trolley that is moving with a uniform speed of 27 km/h. The external forces acting on the system of the sandbag and the trolley is zero. When the sand starts leaking from the bag, there will be no change in the velocity of the trolley. This is because the leaking action does not produce any external force on the system. This is in accordance with Newton"s first law of motion. Hence, the speed of the trolley will remain 27 km/h.

15. Which of the following potential energy curves in Fig. 6.18 cannot possibly describe the elastic collision of two billiard balls? Here r is the distance between centres of the balls.

Ans. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and (vi)

The potential energy of a system of two masses is inversely proportional to the separation between them. In the given case, the potential energy of the system of the two balls will decrease as they come closer to each other. It will become zero (i.e., V(r) = 0) when the two balls touch each other, i.e., at r = 2R, where R is the radius of each billiard ball. The potential energy curves given in figures (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and (vi) do not satisfy these two conditions. Hence, they do not describe the elastic collisions between them.

2 Marks Questions

1.A body is moving along Z – axis of a co – ordinate system is subjected to a constant force F is given by

Where  are unit vector along the x, y and z – axis of the system respectively what is the work done by this force in moving the body a distance of 4m along the  Z – axis?

Ans:

W = 12 J

2.A ball is dropped from the height h₁ and if rebounces to a height h₂. Find the value of coefficient of restitution?

Ans:Velocity of approach

(Ball drops form height h₁)

Velocity of separation

(Ball rebounds to height h₂)

Coefficient of restitution

3.State and prove work energy theorem analytically?

Ans:It states that work done by force acting on a body is equal to the change produced in its kinetic energy.

If  force is applied to move an object through a distance dS

Then

Hence W = Kf – Ki Where Kf and Ki are final and initial kinetic energy.

4.An object of mass 0.4kg moving with a velocity of 4m/s collides with another object of mass 0.6kg moving in same direction with a velocity of 2m/s. If the collision is perfectly inelastic, what is the loss of K.E. due to impact?

Ans:m₁ = 0.4kg,    u₁ = 4m/s, m₂ = 0.6kg   u₂ = 2m/s.

Total K.E. be fore collision

Since collision is perfectly inelastic

Total K.E. after collision

Loss in K.E. =Ki – Kf = 4.4 – 3.92 = 0.48J 

5.Why does the density of solid | liquid decreases with rise in temperature?

Ans.Let P = Density of solid | liquid at temperature T

P¹ = Density of solid | liquid at Temperature T+∆T 

Since Density =

So, P = →(1) P¹ = (2)

V¹ = Volume of solid at temperature T + ∆T

V = Volume of solid at temperature T

Since on increasing the temperature, solids | liquids expand that is their volumes increases, so by equation

i) & 2) Density is inversely proportional to volumes, so if volume increases on increasing the temperature, Density will decrease.

6.Two bodies at different temperatures T₁, and T₂ are brought in thermal contact do not necessarily settle down to the mean temperature of T₁ and T₂?

Ans.Two bodies at diff temperatures T₁ and T₂ when in thermal contact do not settle always at their mean temperature because the thermal capacities of two bodies may not be always equal.

7.The resistance of certain platinum resistance thermometer is found to be 2.56 Ω at 0⁰c and 3.56 Ω at 100⁰c. When the thermometer is immersed in a given liquid, its resistance is observed to 5.06 Ω. Determine the temperature of liquid?

Ans.R_o = Resistance at0⁰c = 2.56Ω

R_t = Resistance at temperature T = 100⁰c = 3.56Ω 100

R_t = Resistance at unknown temperature t ;

R_t = 5.06Ω

Since,

t =

t =  250⁰c

8.A ball is dropped on a floor from a height of 2cm. After the collision, it rises up to a height of 1.5m. Assuming that 40% of mechanical energy lost goes to thermal energy into the ball. Calculate the rise in temperature of the ball in the collision. Specific heat capacity of the ball is 800J/k. Take g = 10m/s²

Ans.Initial height = h₁=2m

Final height = h₂=1.5m

Since potential energy = mechanical energy for a body at rest as K.E =0

Mechanical energy lost =

=

=

= 5 J

Now (mechanical energy lost) × 40% = heat gained by ball

∆T = 2.5×10^{-3 0}C

9.A thermometer has wrong calibration. It reads the melting point of ice as – 10⁰C. It reads 60⁰C in place of 50⁰C. What is the temperature of boiling point of water on the scale?

Ans .Lower fixed point on the wrong scale = -10⁰C.

Let ‘n’ = no. divisions between upper and lower fixed points on this scale. If Q = reading on this scale, then

Now, C = Incorrect Reading = 60⁰C

Q = Correct Reading = 50⁰C

So,

n = 140

Now,

On, the Celsius scale, Boiling point of water is 100⁰C

So,    

Q = 130⁰C

10.Write the advantages and disadvantages of platinum resistance thermometer? 

Ans.Advantages of Platinum Resistance thermometer:-

1) High accuracy of measurement

2) Measurements of temperature can be made over a wide range of temperature i.e. from – 260⁰C to 1200⁰C.

→ Disadvantages of Platinum Resistance thermometer:-

1) High Cost

2) Requires additional equipment such as bridge circuit, Power supply etc.

11.If the volume of block of metal changes by 0.12% when it is heated through 200C. What is the co-efficient of linear expansion of the metal?

Ans .07.The co-efficient of cubical expansion y of the metal is given by:-

Here,

∴ Co-efficient of linear expansion of the metal is :-

12.The density of a solid at0⁰C and 500⁰C is in the ratio 1.027 : 1. Find the co-efficient of linear expansion of the solid?

Ans. Density at 0⁰C = S_O

Density at 500⁰C = S₅₀₀

Now, S_O = S₅₀₀

Where, Y = Co-efficient of volume expansion

∆T = Change in temperature

∆T = Change in temperature

∆T = Final Temperature – Initial temperature

∆T = 500 - 0⁰C

∆T = 500⁰C

Or

Now, Co-efficient of linear expansion (α) is related to co-efficient of volume expansion (Y) as :-

13. If one Mole of a monatomic gas is mixed with 3 moles of a diatomic gas. What is the molecular specific heat of the mixture at constant volume?

Ans. 09.For, a monatomic gas, Specific heat at consent volume = C_V1 =  ; R = Universal Gas Constant

No. of moles of monatomic gas = n₁ = 1 mole

No. of moles of diatomic gas = n₂ = 3 moles. 

For, diatomic gas, specific heat at constant volume

Applying, conservation of energy.

Let C_V = Specific heat of the mixture;

R = Universal Gas constant

14.Calculate the difference between two principal specific heats of 1g of helium gas at N. T. P. Given Molecular weight of Helium = 4 and J = 4.186 J/cal and Universal Gas constant, R = 8.314J / mole / K?

Ans. 10.Molecular weight of Helium = M = 4

Universal Gas Constant, R = 8.31J | mole | K

C_P = specific heat at constant Pressure

C_V = specific heat at constant Volume

Now,   for 1 mole of gas.

Where R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.31J | mole | K

J = 4.186 J | cal

M = Molecular weight of Helium = 4

15.Why does heat flow from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature?

Ans. 11.When a body at higher temperature is in contact with a body at lower temperature, molecule with more kinetic energy that are in contact with less energetic molecules give up some of their kinetic energy to the less energetic ones.

16.A one liter flask contains some mercury. IT is found that at different temperatures, then volume of air inside the flask remains the same. What is the volume of mercury in the flask? Given the co-efficient of linear expansion of glass = 9 × 10^-6 / ⁰C and co-efficient of volume expansion of mercury = 1.8 × 10^-4 / ⁰C

Ans.It is given that volume of air in the flask remains the same at different temperature. This is possible only when the expansion of glass is exactly equal to the expansion of mercury,

Co-efficient of cubical expansion of glass is :-

Co-efficient of cubical expansion of mercury is :→

Volume of flask, V = 1 liter = 1000 cm³.

Let V_m Cm³ be the volume of mercury in the flask.

Expansion of flask = Expansion of Mercury

∴ Volume of Mercury, 

17. The potential energy function for a particle executing linear simple harmonic motion is given by V(x) = /2, where k is the force constant of the oscillator. For k = 0.5 N, the graph of V(x) versus x is shown in Fig. 6.12. Show that a particle of total energy 1 J moving under this potential must "turn back" when it reaches x = ± 2 m.

Ans: Total energy of the particle, E= 1J

Force constant, k= 0.5 N

Kinetic energy of the particle, K =

According to the conservation law:

E= V + K

At the moment of ‘turn back", velocity (and hence K) becomes zero.

Hence, the particle turns back when it reaches x =  m.

18. State if each of the following statements is true or false. Give reasons for your Ans..

(a) In an elastic collision of two bodies, the momentum and energy of each body is conserved.

(b) Total energy of a system is always conserved, no matter what internal and external forces on the body are present.

(c) Work done in the motion of a body over a closed loop is zero for every force in nature.

(d) In an inelastic collision, the final kinetic energy is always less than the initial kinetic energy of the system.

Ans.  (a) False

(b) False

(c) False

(d) True

Explanation: (a) In an elastic collision, the total energy and momentum of both the bodies, and not of each individual body, is conserved.

(b) Although internal forces are balanced, they cause no work to be done on a body. It is the external forces that have the ability to do work. Hence, external forces are able to change the energy of a system.

(c) The work done in the motion of a body over a closed loop is zero for a conservation force only.

(d) In an inelastic collision, the final kinetic energy is always less than the initial kinetic energy of the system. This is because in such collisions, there is always a loss of energy in the form of heat, sound, etc.

19. A body is initially at rest. It undergoes one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration. The power delivered to it at time t is proportional to

(i) (ii) t (iii) (iv)

Ans.  (ii) t

Mass of the body = m

Acceleration of the body = a

Using Newton"s second law of motion, the force experienced by the body is given by the equation:

F = ma

Both m and a are constants. Hence, force F will also be a constant.

F = ma = Constant … (i)

For velocity v, acceleration is given as,

Where, is another constant

Power is given by the relation:

P = F.v

Using equations (i) and (iii), we have:

Hence, power is directly proportional to time.

20. A body is moving unidirectionally under the influence of a source of constant power. Its displacement in time t is proportional to

(i) (ii) t (iii) (iv)

Ans.  (iii)

Power is given by the relation:

P = Fv

Integrating both sides:

For displacement  of the body, we have:

Where New constant

On integrating both sides, we get:

21. A pump on the ground floor of a building can pump up water to fill a tank of volume 30 in 15 min. If the tank is 40 m above the ground, and the efficiency of the pump is 30%, how much electric power is consumed by the pump?

Ans.  Volume of the tank, V=

Time of operation, t= 15 min = 15 ×60 = 900 s

Height of the tank, h= 40 m

Efficiency of the pump, = 30%

Density of water,

Mass of water, m=

Output power can be obtained as:

For input power, efficiency is given by the relation:

22. A body of mass 0.5 kg travels in a straight line with velocity where. What is the work done by the net force during its displacement from x = 0 to x = 2 m?

Ans.  Mass of the body, m= 0.5 kg

Velocity of the body is governed by the equation,

Initial velocity, u (at x = 0) = 0

Final velocity v (at x = 2 m)

Work done, W = Change in kinetic energy

23. A family uses 8 kW of power. (a) Direct solar energy is incident on the horizontal surface at an average rate of 200 W per square meter. If 20% of this energy can be converted to useful electrical energy, how large an area is needed to supply 8 kW? (b) Compare this area to that of the roof of a typical house.

Ans.  

(a)

(a) Power used by the family, P = 8 kW =  W

Solar energy received per square metre = 200 W

Efficiency of conversion from solar to electricity energy = 20 %

Area required to generate the desired electricity = A

As per the information given in the question, we have:

(b) The area of a solar plate required to generate 8 kW of electricity is almost equivalent to the area of the roof of a building having dimensions 14 m × 14 m.

24. A bolt of mass 0.3 kg falls from the ceiling of an elevator moving down with an uniform speed of 7. It hits the floor of the elevator (length of the elevator = 3 m) and does not rebound. What is the heat produced by the impact? Would your Ans. be different if the elevator were stationary?

Ans.

 Mass of the bolt, m= 0.3 kg

Speed of the elevator = 7 m/s

Height, h = 3 m

Since the relative velocity of the bolt with respect to the lift is zero, at the time of impact, potential energy gets converted into heat energy.

Heat produced = Loss of potential energy

= mgh = = 8.82 J

The heat produced will remain the same even if the lift is stationary. This is because of the fact that the relative velocity of the bolt with respect to the lift will remain zero.

25. Consider the decay of a free neutron at rest: n → p+ e-

Show that the two-body decay of this type must necessarily give an electron of fixed energy and, therefore, cannot account for the observed continuous energy distribution in the decay of a neutron or a nucleus (Fig. 6.19).

[Note: The simple result of this exercise was one among the several arguments advanced by W. Pauli to predict the existence of a third particle in the decay products of decay. This particle is known as neutrino. We now know that it is a particle of intrinsic spin ½ (like e-, p or n), but is neutral, and either massless or having an extremely small mass (compared to the mass of electron) and which interacts very weakly with matter. The correct decay process of neutron is: n → p + e-+ v]

Ans.  

The decay process of free neutron at rest is given as:

From Einstein"s mass-energy relation, we have the energy of electron as

Where,

Δm= Mass defect = Mass of neutron-(Mass of proton + Mass of electron)

c = Speed of light

Δm and c are constants. Hence, the given two-body decay is unable to explain the continuous energy distribution in the decay of a neutron or a nucleus. The presence of neutrino von the LHS of the decay correctly explains the continuous energy distribution.

3 Marks Questions

1.Prove that in an elastic collision in one dimension the relative velocity of approach before impact is equal to the relative velocity of separation after impact?

Ans.

According to law of conservation of linear momentum

K.E. also remains conserved.

Dividing (2) by (1)

I.e. Relative velocity of approach = Relative velocity of separation.

2.Calculate C_p for air, given that C_v =0.162 cal g^-1 k^-1 and density air at N.T. P is 0.001293 g|cm³?

Ans . Specific heat at constant pressure = C_p= ?

Specific heat at constant volume = C_v = 0.162 Cal g^-1 k^-1

Now, Cp – Cv =

Or CP – Cv =

Cp – Cv =

=

=

= 6.8×10^-4+2

Cp – Cv = 0.068

Cp = 0.162+0.068

Cp = 0.23 Cal g^-1 k^-1

3.Develop a relation between the co-efficient of linear expansion, co-efficient superficial expansion and coefficient of cubical expansion of a solid?

Ans.Since, co-efficient of linear expansion = α =

∆L = change in length

L = length

∆T = change in temperature

Similarly, co-efficient of superficial expansion = β =

∆S = change in area

S = original area

∆T = change in temperature

Co-efficient of cubical expansion, = Y =

∆V = change in volume

V = original volume

∆T = change in temperature.

Now, ∆L=αL ∆T

L + ∆L = L + αL ∆T

L + ∆L = L (1+α∆T) → (1)

Similarly V+ ∆V = V (1+Y∆T) →(2)

And S+∆S=S (1+β∆T) → (3)

Also, (V+∆V) = (L+∆L)³

V+∆V =

V+∆V = L³

Since α², α³ are negligible, so,

V+γ              V∆T= V(1+3α∆T) [as L³=V]

So, V+γV∆T = V+V3α∆T

γV∆T = 3α∆T

Y = 3α

Similarly,  β = 2α  [using L² = S (Area)]

So,

4.Calculate the amount of heat required to convert 1.00kg of ice at – 10⁰c into steam at 100⁰c at normal pressure. Specific heat of ice = 2100J|kg|k. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36x10⁵J|kg, specific heat of water = 4200J|kg|k. Latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.25 x10⁶J|kg? 

Ans.(1) Here, heat is required to raise the temperature of ice from – 10⁰c to 0⁰c.

So, change in temperature = ∆T = T₂-T₁ = 0-(-10) = 10⁰c

So, ∆Q₁=cm∆T

C = specific heat of ice

M = Mass of ice

∆T = 10⁰c

∆Q₁ = 2100×1×10=21000J

(2) Heat required to melt the ice to 0⁰c water:-

∆Q₂ = mL

L = Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36×10⁵J/kg

m = Mass of ice

∆Q₂ = 1×3.36×10⁵J/kg

∆Q₂=3.36×10⁵J

∆Q₂ = 336000J

(3) Heat required to raise the temperature of water from 0⁰c to 100⁰c:-

∆T = T2-T1 = 100-0=100⁰c

∆Q₃ = cm∆Tc = specific heat of water

= 4200×1×100

= 420,000J

(4) Heat required to convert 100⁰c water to steam at  100⁰c

∆Q₄ = mL      L = Latent heat of vapourisation  = 2.25×10⁶J/kg

∆Q₄ = 1×2.25×10⁶J|kg

∆Q₄ = 2250000J

∴ Total Heat required = ∆Q₁+∆Q₂+∆Q₃+∆Q₄

∆Q total = 21000+336000+420000+2250000

∆Q total = 3027000J

∆Q total = 3.027x10⁶J

5. The sign of work done by a force on a body is important to understand. State carefully if the following quantities are positive or negative:

(a) Work done by a man in lifting a bucket out of a well by means of a rope tied to the bucket.

(b) Work done by gravitational force in the above case,

(c) Work done by friction on a body sliding down an inclined plane,

(d) Work done by an applied force on a body moving on a rough horizontal plane with uniform velocity,

(e) Work done by the resistive force of air on a vibrating pendulum in bringing it to rest.

Ans. (a) Positive

In the given case, force and displacement are in the same direction. Hence, the sign of work done is positive. In this case, the work is done on the bucket.

(b) Negative

In the given case, the direction of force (vertically downward) and displacement (vertically upward) are opposite to each other. Hence, the sign of work done is negative.

(c) Negative

Since the direction of frictional force is opposite to the direction of motion, the work done by frictional force is negative in this case.

(d) Positive

Here the body is moving on a rough horizontal plane. Frictional force opposes the motion of the body. Therefore, in order to maintain a uniform velocity, a uniform force must be applied to the body. Since the applied force acts in the direction of motion of the body, the work done is positive.

(e) Negative

The resistive force of air acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of the pendulum. Hence, the work done is negative in this case.

6. Underline the correct alternative:

(a) When a conservative force does positive work on a body, the potential energy of the body increases/decreases/remains unaltered.

(b) Work done by a body against friction always results in a loss of its kinetic/potential energy.

(c) The rate of change of total momentum of a many-particle system is proportional to the external force/sum of the internal forces on the system.

(d) In an inelastic collision of two bodies, the quantities which do not change after the collision are the total kinetic energy/total linear momentum/total energy of the system of two bodies.

Ans. (a) Decreases

(b) Kinetic energy

(c) External force

(d) Total linear momentum

Explanation:

(a) A conservative force does a positive work on a body when it displaces the body in the direction of force. As a result, the body advances toward the centre of force. It decreases the separation between the two, thereby decreasing the potential energy of the body.

(b) The work done against the direction of friction reduces the velocity of a body. Hence, there is a loss of kinetic energy of the body.

(c) Internal forces, irrespective of their direction, cannot produce any change in the total momentum of a body. Hence, the total momentum of a many- particle system is proportional to the external forces acting on the system.

(d) The total linear momentum always remains conserved whether it is an elastic collision or an inelastic collision.

7. Answer carefully, with reasons:

(a) In an elastic collision of two billiard balls, is the total kinetic energy conserved during the short time of collision of the balls (i.e. when they are in contact)?

(b) Is the total linear momentum conserved during the short time of an elastic collision of two balls?

(c) What are the answers to (a) and (b) for an inelastic collision?

(d) If the potential energy of two billiard balls depends only on the separation distance between their centres, is the collision elastic or inelastic? (Note, we are talking here of potential energy corresponding to the force during collision, not gravitational potential energy).

Ans. (a) No
In an elastic collision, the total initial kinetic energy of the balls will be equal to the total final kinetic energy of the balls. This kinetic energy is not conserved at the instant the two balls are in contact with each other. In fact, at the time of collision, the kinetic energy of the balls will get converted into potential energy.
(b) Yes
In an elastic collision, the total linear momentum of the system always remains conserved.
(c) No; Yes
In an inelastic collision, there is always a loss of kinetic energy, i.e., the total kinetic energy of the billiard balls before collision will always be greater than that after collision.

The total linear momentum of the system of billiards balls will remain conserved even in the case of an inelastic collision.
(d) Elastic
In the given case, the forces involved are conservation. This is because they depend on the separation between the centres of the billiard balls. Hence, the collision is elastic.

8. A person trying to lose weight (dieter) lifts a 10 kg mass, one thousand times, to a height of 0.5 m each time. Assume that the potential energy lost each time she lowers the mass is dissipated. (a) How much work does she do against the gravitational force? (b) Fat supplies  J of energy per kilogram which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate. How much fat will the dieter use up?

Ans.(a) Mass of the weight, m = 10 kg
Height to which the person lifts the weight, h = 0.5 m
Number of times the weight is lifted, n = 1000
∴Work done against gravitational force:



(b) Energy equivalent of 1 kg of fat =  J
Efficiency rate = 20%
Mechanical energy supplied by the person"s body:


Equivalent mass of fat lost by the dieter:

4 Marks Questions

1. A body of mass 2 kg initially at rest moves under the action of an applied horizontal force of 7 N on a table with coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.1.

Compute the following:

(a) Work done by the applied force in 10 s,

(b) Work done by friction in 10 s,

(c) Work done by the net force on the body in 10 s,

(d) Change in kinetic energy of the body in 10 s,

and interpret your results.

Ans. Mass of the body, m= 2 kg

Applied force, F = 7 N

Coefficient of kinetic friction, = 0.1

Initial velocity, u= 0

Time, t = 10 s

The acceleration produced in the body by the applied force is given by Newton"s second law of motion as:

Frictional force is given as:

=

he acceleration produced by the frictional force:

Total acceleration of the body:

The distance travelled by the body is given by the equation of motion:

(a) Work done by the applied force, F ×s = 7 ×126 = 882 J

(b) Work done by the frictional force,

(c) Net force =  = 5.04 N

Work done by the net force, = 5.04 ×126 = 635 J

(d) From the first equation of motion, final velocity can be calculated as:

v= u + at

= 0 + 2.52 ×10 = 25.2 m/s

Change in kinetic energy

2. A trolley of mass 200 kg moves with a uniform speed of 36 km/h on a frictionless track. A child of mass 20 kg runs on the trolley from one end to the other (10 m away) with a speed of 4 relative to the trolley in a direction opposite to the its motion, and jumps out of the trolley. What is the final speed of the trolley? How much has the trolley moved from the time the child begins to run?

Ans.  Mass of the trolley, M= 200 kg

Speed of the trolley, v= 36 km/h = 10 m/s

Mass of the boy, m= 20 kg

Initial momentum of the system of the boy and the trolley

= (M+ m)v

= (200 + 20) × 10

= 2200 kg m/s

Let v" be the final velocity of the trolley with respect to the ground.

Final velocity of the boy with respect to the ground

Final momentum

As per the law of conservation of momentum:

Initial momentum = Final momentum

2200 =

Length of the trolley, l= 10 m

Speed of the boy, v"" = 4 m/s

Time taken by the boy to run,

∴Distance moved by the trolley

3. A 1 kg block situated on a rough incline is connected to a spring of spring constant 100  Nm-1as shown in Fig. 6.17. The block is released from rest with the spring in the unstretched position. The block moves 10 cm down the incline before coming to rest. Find the coefficient of friction between the block and the incline. Assume that the spring has a negligible mass and the pulley is frictionless.

Ans. Mass of the block, m= 1 kg

Spring constant, k=

Displacement in the block, x= 10 cm = 0.1 m

The given situation can be shown as in the following figure.

At equilibrium:

Normal reaction, R= mg cos 37°

Frictional force, f R = mg sin 37°

Where,  is the coefficient of friction

Net force acting on the block =

=

At equilibrium, the work done by the block is equal to the potential energy of the spring, i.e.,

4. Given in Fig. 6.11 are examples of some potential energy functions in one dimension. The total energy of the particle is indicated by a cross on the ordinate axis. In each case, specify the regions, if any, in which the particle cannot be found for the given energy. Also, indicate the minimum total energy the particle must have in each case. Think of simple physical contexts for which these potential energy shapes are relevant.

Ans. (a) x > a; 0

Total energy of a system is given by the relation:

E = P.E. + K. E.

Kinetic energy of a body is a positive quantity. It cannot be negative. Therefore, the particle will not exist in a region where K.E. becomes negative.

In the given case, the potential energy () of the particle becomes greater than total energy (E) for x > a. Hence, kinetic energy becomes negative in this region. Therefore, the particle will not exist is this region. The minimum total energy of the particle is zero.

(b) All regions

In the given case, the potential energy () is greater than total energy (E) in all regions. Hence, the particle will not exist in this region.

(c

In the given case, the condition regarding the positivity of K.E. is satisfied only in the region between x > a and x < b.

The minimum potential energy in this case is. Therefore, = E + V1. Therefore, for the positivity of the kinetic energy, the total energy of the particle must be greater than. So, the minimum total energy the particle must have is.

(d)

In the given case, the potential energy () of the particle becomes greater than the total energy (E) for. Therefore, the particle will not exist in these regions.

The minimum potential energy in this case is. Therefore, K.E.  =. Therefore, for the positivity of the kinetic energy, the total energy of the particle must be greater than. So, the minimum total energy the particle must have is.

5. An electron and a proton are detected in a cosmic ray experiment, the first with kinetic energy 10 keV, and the second with 100 keV. Which is faster, the electron or the proton? Obtain the ratio of their speeds. (electron mass = kg, proton mass = kg, 1 eV = J).

Ans. Electronics faster; Ratio of speeds is 13.54: 1

Mass of the electron, kg

Mass of the proton,

Kinetic energy of the electron, = 10 keV = eV

=

=

Kinetic energy of the proton,

For the velocity of an electron , its kinetic energy is given by the relation:

For the velocity of a proton , its kinetic energy is given by the relation:

Hence, the electron is moving faster than the proton.

The ratio of their speeds:

6. The bob of a pendulum is released from a horizontal position. If the length of the pendulum is 1.5 m, what is the speed with which the bob arrives at the lowermost point, given that it dissipated 5% of its initial energy against air resistance?

Ans. Length of the pendulum, l = 1.5 m

Mass of the bob = m

Energy dissipated = 5%

According to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy of the system remains constant.

At the horizontal position:

Potential energy of the bob, EP = mgl

Kinetic energy of the bob, EK = 0

Total energy = mgl … (i)

At the lowermost point (mean position):

Potential energy of the bob, EP = 0

Kinetic energy of the bob,

Total energy … (ii)

As the bob moves from the horizontal position to the lowermost point, 5% of its energy gets dissipated.

The total energy at the lowermost point is equal to 95% of the total energy at the horizontal point, i.e.,

7.  The blades of a windmill sweep out a circle of area A. (a) If the wind flows at a velocity v perpendicular to the circle, what is the mass of the air passing through it in time t?(b) What is the kinetic energy of the air? (c) Assume that the windmill converts 25% of the wind"s energy into electrical energy, and that A =, v = 36 km/h and the density of air is 1.2 kg. What is the electrical power produced?

Ans. Area of the circle swept by the windmill = A

Velocity of the wind = v

Density of air =p

(a) Volume of the wind flowing through the windmill per sec = Av

Mass of the wind flowing through the windmill per sec = pAv

Mass m, of the wind flowing through the windmill in time t=pAvt

(b) Kinetic energy of air

(c) Area of the circle swept by the windmill = A = 30 m2

Velocity of the wind = v= 36 km/h

Density of air,

Electric energy produced = 25% of the wind energy

Electrical power

5 Marks Questions

1.(a) Define potential energy. Give examples.

(b) Draw a graph showing variation of potential energy, kinetic energy and the total energy of a body freely falling on earth from a height h?

Ans:   (a) Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position in a field or   due to change in its configuration example – A gas compressed in a cylinder, A wound spring of a water, water raised to the overhead tank in a house etc.

(i) Gravitational potential energy decreases as the body falls downwards and is zero at the earth

(ii) Kinetic energy increases as the body falls downwards and is maximum when the body   just strikes the ground.

(iii) According to law of conservation of energy total mechanical (KE + PE) energy remains constant.

2. Answer the following:

(a) The casing of a rocket in flight burns up due to friction. At whose expense is the heat energy required for burning obtained? The rocket or the atmosphere?

(b) Comets move around the sun in highly elliptical orbits. The gravitational force on the comet due to the sun is not normal to the comet"s velocity in general. Yet the work done by the gravitational force over every complete orbit of the comet is zero. Why?

(c) An artificial satellite orbiting the earth in very thin atmosphere loses its energy gradually due to dissipation against atmospheric resistance, however small. Why then does its speed increase progressively as it comes closer and closer to the earth?

(d) In Fig. 6.13(i) the man walks 2 m carrying a mass of 15 kg on his hands. In Fig. 6.13(ii), he walks the same distance pulling the rope behind him. The rope goes over a pulley, and a mass of 15 kg hangs at its other end. In which case is the work done greater?

Fig. 6.13

Ans. (a) Rocket

The burning of the casing of a rocket in flight (due to friction) results in the reduction of the mass of the rocket.

According to the conservation of energy:

Total Energy(T.E.)= Potential enegry(P.E.)+Kinetic energy(K.E.)

The reduction in the rocket"s mass causes a drop in the total energy. Therefore, the heat energy required for the burning is obtained from the rocket.

(b) Gravitational force is a conservative force. Since the work done by a conservative force over a closed path is zero, the work done by the gravitational force over every complete orbit of a comet is zero.

(c) When an artificial satellite, orbiting around earth, moves closer to earth, its potential energy decreases because of the reduction in the height. Since the total energy of the system remains constant, the reduction in P.E. results in an increase in K.E. Hence, the velocity of the satellite increases. However, due to atmospheric friction, the total energy of the satellite decreases by a small amount.

(d) In the second case

Case (i)

Mass, m = 15 kg

Displacement, s = 2 m

Work done, W

Where, =Angle between force and displacement

Case (ii)

Mass, m = 15 kg

Displacement, s = 2 m

Here, the direction of the force applied on the rope and the direction of the displacement of the rope are same.

Therefore, the angle between them,

Since

Work done,

=

Hence, more work is done in the second case.

3.  A rain drop of radius 2 mm falls from a height of 500 m above the ground. It falls with decreasing acceleration (due to viscous resistance of the air) until at half its original height, it attains its maximum (terminal) speed, and moves with uniform speed thereafter. What is the work done by the gravitational force on the drop in the first and second half of its journey? What is the work done by the resistive force in the entire journey if its speed on reaching the ground is?

Ans. Radius of the rain drop, r= 2 mm = m

Volume of the rain drop,

Density of water,

Mass of the rain drop,  

=

Gravitational force, F = mg

=

The work done by the gravitational force on the drop in the first half of its journey:

=

= 0.082 J

This amount of work is equal to the work done by the gravitational force on the drop in the second half of its journey, i.e., , = 0.082 J

As per the law of conservation of energy, if no resistive force is present, then the total energy of the rain drop will remain the same.

∴Total energy at the top:

=

= 0.164 J

Due to the presence of a resistive force, the drop hits the ground with a velocity of 10 m/s.

∴Total energy at the ground:

∴Resistive force =

4.  Two identical ball bearings in contact with each other and resting on a frictionless table are hit head-on by another ball bearing of the same mass moving initially with a speed V. If the collision is elastic, which of the following figure is a possible result after collision?

Ans. Case (ii)

It can be observed that the total momentum before and after collision in each case is constant.

For an elastic collision, the total kinetic energy of a system remains conserved before and after collision.

For mass of each ball bearing m, we can write:

Total kinetic energy of the system before collision:

Case(i)

Total kinetic energy of the system after collision:

Hence, the kinetic energy of the system is not conserved in case (i).

Case(ii)

Total kinetic energy of the system after collision:

Hence, the kinetic energy of the system is conserved in case (ii).

Case(iii)

Total kinetic energy of the system after collision:

Hence, the kinetic energy of the system is not conserved in case (iii).

5.  A bullet of mass 0.012 kg and horizontal speed strikes a block of wood of mass 0.4 kg and instantly comes to rest with respect to the block. The block is suspended from the ceiling by means of thin wires. Calculate the height to which the block rises. Also, estimate the amount of heat produced in the block.

Ans.

 Mass of the bullet, m= 0.012 kg

Initial speed of the bullet, = 70 m/s

Mass of the wooden block, M= 0.4 kg

Initial speed of the wooden block, = 0

Final speed of the system of the bullet and the block = v

Applying the law of conservation of momentum:

For the system of the bullet and the wooden block:

Mass of the system, m" = 0.412 kg

Velocity of the system = 2.04 m/s

Height up to which the system rises = h

Applying the law of conservation of energy to this system:

Potential energy at the highest point = Kinetic energy at the lowest point

The wooden block will rise to a height of 0.2123 m.

Heat produced = Kinetic energy of the bullet - Kinetic energy of the system

6. Two inclined frictionless tracks, one gradual and the other steep meet at A from where two stones are allowed to slide down from rest, one on each track (Fig. 6.16). Will the stones reach the bottom at the same time? Will they reach there with the same speed? Explain. Given = 30°, = 60°, and h = 10 m, what are the speeds and times taken by the two stones?

Ans.

 No; the stone moving down the steep plane will reach the bottom first

Yes; the stones will reach the bottom with the same speed

= 14 m/s

= 2.86 s; = 1.65 s

The given situation can be shown as in the following figure:

Here, the initial height (AD) for both the stones is the same (h). Hence, both will have the same potential energy at point A.

As per the law of conservation of energy, the kinetic energy of the stones at points B and C will also be the same, i.e.,

, say

Where,

m = Mass of each stone

v= Speed of each stone at points B and C

Hence, both stones will reach the bottom with the same speed, v.

For stone I:

Net force acting on this stone is given by:

For stone II:

Using the first equation of motion, the time of slide can be obtained as:

For stone I:

For stone II:

Hence, the stone moving down the steep plane will reach the bottom first.
The speed (v) of each stone at points B and C is given by the relation obtained from the law of conservation of energy.

The times are given as: